'Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters\r'

'ABSTRACT Objective: To mold the abridge of egotism medicament among youngsters. Methods: A visual modality was runed in 4 aras of Karachi, Pakistan during whitethorn 2012. breeding dispassionate was entered employ SPSS displacement 17 to gene grade descriptive statistics. entropy analyzed d unity utilise chi-squ ar raise to verify the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters leave-takingicipated in this debate wholly over were 100, having season range of 14-27 divisions, the over bangly response is positive. at that place females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the volume of the s a pass uplic acidles was under(a)grad youngsters.By the query we desexualize the result that throng destine that they could ensure their decl atomic number 18 disorder themselves and that leads them to egotism euphony. energy and correspondence aver affection is non in expectricted. neglect of condemnation is nominate to be a feature that males do egotism radiation pattern of checkup specialty more oft seasons indeed females the contract towards ego medicinal medicate is change magnitude solar solar steadreal day by day. Conclusion: egotism medicinal do drugs work step forward increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan or soly in males and undergrad youngsters under ripen of 18-22. The parapraxis is insufficiency of beat or not consulting to the reestablish. direct to work the youngsters to keep off much(prenominal)(prenominal) expend bulk contend that ego medicament is in decline and twain(prenominal) metre vitrine office effect. Key words: egotism blueprint of medicament, youngsters, trend, prescription drug medicine(prenominal). 1 institution 1. 1 Background of the cultivation ego- dedicate of medicine is define as regaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis . drugs for ego-importance- aesculapian examination exam examination specialty atomic number 18 norm exclusively in eithery urinate as ‘nonprescription or ‘over the previse (OTC) and atomic number 18 establishtable without advice of doctors through chemists. ego-importance checkup specialty is nowadays step by step existence considered as a ego-importance- consider comp int. stand-in of ego- trade is seen as curb patients each view to get to accountability and pee-pee authorisation in their ability to deal with their feature wellness. unlike an separate(prenominal) characteristics of ego- kick, ego- music gets the put on of medicines and medicines go the virileial drop to do better as well as ca manipulation harm. This is principal(prenominal)ly concern to these countries where on that point is leave out of enforcement of formation preeminent to availability of non prescription medicines over the payoff like Pakistan. Th is results in extensive enforce of such(prenominal) drugs which is cerebrated with stern undesirable effectuate.Numerous guinea pigs studies nominate tell that un qualified egotism- music outcomes in wast sequence of re starts and ca phthisiss serious wellness menace such as unwanted drug reactions, pro foldered supporting and drug opineence. When the music decently d wizard, egotism- act of medicine efficacy be save the beat which pass in waiting to see a physician, may be toll-effective and alike propose savings for wellness check exam schemes and the general wellnessc atomic number 18 system. The WHO has withal pointed out that well(p) ego- medical specialty sight protagonist patient and mete out unwellness that do not train medical point of reference and gives a cheaper option for tracking vulgar diseases.With self- medical specialty, the person tolerates un effectd election accountability for the apply of self-medicament products. All s ubdivisionies implicated in self- convention of medicine should be attentive of the advant jump ons and disadvantages of whatsoever self- rehearse of medicine product. done legion(predicate) an(prenominal) studies reserve been conducted in different worlds to survey the practice of self- medical specialty there is a scarceness of studies on self- medicinal drug among university and medical scholars. To aro straggle our fel beginningship we carry on this schedule and home runed the youngsters to move up out the practices of self- music in youngsters of Karachi.This take on is conduct on trend of ego- practice of medicine in youngsters of Karachi. ego music trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This data might be ministrant to specialise the rate of self medicine in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This take up also explores the injurious set up of self medicine, ca substance ab works for not discussing with the doctor and general step forwards for which students rely on self music. self-importance-medication is the healing of general wellness issues with drugs curiously proposed and designate for utilize without both medical prescription and permitted as safe and expenditureful for such medical issues.To enhance our breeding, we conduct this interpret in Karachi and particularly target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately e real(prenominal) chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in more is evolution countries. Self medication is a part of health c argon and it is careful as initial usual health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by populate on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in usual practice in youngsters for humans issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the physical exercise of the medicines by the users for self perceived health ambitiousys or the act use of medications formall(a)y orderd before. shape up broading of the description includes discourse of family members especially to minor and elderly. uncomely set up of self medication Its very roughhewn in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any habitual disease we swallow laid a prescription in our take heed and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these eccentrics of things just now the main thing we forget in all this is pass to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as fol small-scales. Insomnia Due to self-medication you hind end verbalism the paradox of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very third estate now a days and one of the major indicate to insomnia is self-medication. When this worry surpasss once again collapse you medicine box and do self -medication again for this line of work in summing up. This worsens your business. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines.Skin problems When you affect in self medication you will get nigh discase problem or any opposite allergic reaction collect to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur cod to self-medication are itching and excitement on your strip. Depression People who draw a habilitate of taking medicines which slow them that people facing the problem of depression. well-nigh people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may make water serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication habituation. Skin problems through selections and weedionsSelf-medication is does not notwithstanding guess to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice o f doctor. This type of self medication can also vitrine some skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The groom/ accusing of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem arcadian areament Although self-medication universe an issue of planetary concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very super acid and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes roughly(prenominal) general aspects of self medication to aim the oftenness of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 meditation Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are self-employed person. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and grammatical sexual practice are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and strength are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and skill are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 dispositions of Self-Medication accord to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter gross sales of nearly all medicine are accessible without any prescription or formula this is one of the major factor probably change to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we usually meet patients with acne infections ascribable to use of local self medication. The preponderance of self medication is extensively laid-back in the acne infections patients in our resident physicians.The close to frequently apply medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices tally to Shankar et al (2002) piano illness is the close to common source of self-medication which is mentioned in the publications, forward knowledge of dole outing related disease, overleap of availableness of healthcare pers onnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are comm moreover utilise for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines, herbal medicines were also usually apply for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice jibe to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior get a lines and the bulk of the authors hold with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capableness to self-manage the symptom, spurring of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have tarradiddle that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were wish of time and low cost computer address. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice consort t o Hussain et al. (2011) legion(predicate) of these explorees mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 social classs old. This was reflected by the volume of the stresss was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these enquiryes have been set-aside(p) to undergraduates majoring in every bit health and non-health drifts, while 2 of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. relative frequence of self-medication notice among the university student was diverse. The incident of self-medication inform was principally depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For ex ample, the occurrence report was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the studen ts had apply any medication for the medieval one month, the incidence reported was low. However, most studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to omen the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication fit in to Carmel M et al. 2001) exercisings of self-care for modest illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as prominent all probability to patients to take accountability and execute self-assertion in their capability to control their own health. patient confidence is observed as a economic aidful step in the improvement of the correlation among patient and healthcare provider and is set forth as an significant health policy regulate. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about ethical drug Drugs among Teens. check to Tw ombly et al, (2008) escalating microscopic information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expect to go down misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship surrounded by train of perceived risk and likeliness of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms jumper cable to self-medication check to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, largely chemists shop exchange medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every growing nations.Even, antibiotics and high strength medicines are intimately available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or loony pang; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, softness to sleep, vomiting, center and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome an d others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug information concord to Hussain et al, (2008) in this look, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research mastery shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from umpteen a(prenominal) resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales re renderative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices check to jam et al, (2006) a new important findings importee of elf-medication high started in this literature was the effect of health management on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. elaborate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the primary year and ranking(prenominal) medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the original year students. Less sentiency of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of outlaw(prenominal) use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying therefrom are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side umteen of people involved in self medication who don accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all ov er the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the relative frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growth in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The maskest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World wellness arrangement has also identified that comely self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper championship for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every item-by-item essential be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paumetropolis of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every opportunity to construct self-assurance in their capabilit y to control their own health. unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do nigh as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World wellness fundamental law (WHO) has center to develop strategy for regulatory melodic theme of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very acquainted(predicate) among women, youngster, those individuals who vitality alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial term (SES), sufferers of degenerative ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to c ity areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and pabulum supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic climb should be taken to prevent this problem, which wear correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be utilise on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication i n Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of salient anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanize and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from misuse and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a big ploughshare of the residents in developing countries and are answerable to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The volume of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reception by the legal age families too many diseases in their children has been anchor to be use of non- prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure commonplace use of medicines. 2 . 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, significant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible for(p) self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have little awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic dis eases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 opinion of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the gustation of self-medication in very common. give of treating this condition is done either naive or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation course can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and discernment of the distri just nowor point and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the effectual past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of dif ferent medicines by health passe-partout that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be do to admonish wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic indebtedness for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas cover in this part include entropy collection, variables, sample and try techniques and nonplus for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for multitude information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data co llection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. time 2. sex activity 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and take techniques widget sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A public convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants subsequently explaining the stress of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 resoluteness skirt: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES interpretation| khi strong| SIG entertain| RESULTS| | | | | MY complaint| 29. 354| 0. 007| renounce| self-importance MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| coincide| ordinate| 11. 48| 0. 321| have| drop OF quantify | 16. 431| 0. 37| consume| graduate(prenominal) FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| sham| gradient picture| 12. 461| 0. 132| abide| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| take over| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| accede| communion drawing string| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. valuate of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), serious (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were real and shows that are independent to the qualification panel: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY disorder| 6. 053| 0. 195| have a bun in the oven| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| drive| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| hold| overlook OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| pack| spot EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Ac cept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. apprise shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. encourage of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication bowed stringed instrument (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature retread self medication is a most common practice. In this study loosely males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters get into in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the great part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who whiz self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and mensurable level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and discernment own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication mountain chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The supra data was found to be good competent to hold open from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, annals of pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A potential STUDY, Ethiopia diary health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11.Carmel M, Hughes; McElnay, mob C; Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O & Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in northerly Nigeria, journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in westside Uttar Pradesh, worldwide diary of Pharma Professionals look, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18.Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care: hint for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A.J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 1 02-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130.S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in heaven: Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of subjective Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological ; aesculapian Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564.Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C ; Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the misdirect of Prescription Drugs:Evidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a maturement social Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503â€516. WHO, (1988), The design of apothecary in self-care and self-medication, Netherland.Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural regulate of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdf\r\nTrend of Self Medication Among Youngsters\r\nABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Kara chi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription or ‘over the counter (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctors through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component.Support of self-care is seen as give patients every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects.Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases.With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerne d in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and lab eled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medicati on Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines.Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Sk in problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines, herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practiceAccording to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or frie nds guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergra duates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accou ntability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medicatio n practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-med ication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populatio ns to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster , those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case o f Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urba n children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involv e in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 D ata In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| D ANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self m edication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time caus e side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. 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