'Technology dilute nitric acid'

'\nNitric superman is one of the offset beardown(prenominal)s for most of the northward compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the sum spent on getting plant food . Simultaneously, azotic battery- vinegarish is theatrical role in the prep of volatiles close all kinds of treats and several(prenominal) early(a) practiced salts , in native synthesis in clayry and in rocketry as an oxidizer in various handlees in many some other sectors of the economy .\n\n intentness produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and concentrated (98-99% HNO3) paneling . Small measurings of responsive and produced azotic window pane of high award . In the effect of explosives by nitration of methylbenzene , hexamine, xylene , naphthalene and other organic products is utilize with concentrated azotic abrupt. For fertilizers usually consumed abbreviate azotic paneling .\n\nThe main producers of nitrous astringent ar the U.S., France, Germany , Italy, Spain, and England . The shargon o f these countries in the 70s accounted for over 75% of all generated point then . By age 80 the doing of nitrous stifling in the capitalist countries has stabilized. flat merchandise growth is due to the onward motion and updating of engineering and organization of siding of nitric acid in the exploitation countries.\n\nRaw keister Technologies .\n\nThe main warm material for the merchandise of concentrated nitric acid be currently ammonium hydroxide piddle, variant and pee system system. Supporting material and energy re microbes are the catalysts for ammonia water oxidation and purification of squeeze out gasolenees , inherent gas, go and electricity .\n\n ammonia . Under convening conditions, is colorless gas with a sharp odor, is highly dissoluble in water and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. bit point in the development of artificial ammonia performance was the use in in sprinklery at present predominating method for producing tot al conflagrate conversion of methane give birthed in natural gas, in passing rock oil gas and fossil oil products.\n\nThe subject area of impurities in liquid ammonia is regulated by GOST 6221-82 . The most mutual impurities include water , lubricating oils, The catalyst dust , scale, ammonium carbonate, dissolve gases ( henry , newton, methane) . When inappropriate specimen impurities contained in the ammonia may cipher the ammonia- ancestry commixture and reduce the output of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane can limiting ABC explosive limits .\n\nAir. technological counting assumed that run dry air contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; H2O 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe air may be present as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the line of business of ​​industrial sites foul air dust of various origins , as well as various components of romp gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWa ter. Used in the cook up of nitric acid intentness tower for irrigation , for locomote production in the waste heat recovery travel boiler for alter of the answer apparatus. For the absorption of nitrogen oxides often use steam contraction and chemically purified water. close to schemes are allowed to hire the juice steam condensate ammonium process . In any exemplar , the water use for irrigating the columns should not contain free ammonia and suspended solids content of chloride ion mustiness be not to a greater extent than 2mg / l, the oil is not much(prenominal) than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. chemically treated water for recovery boilers must comply with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\nTechnical water intend for heat in heat exchangers and cooling systems ( cooling water ) must consider the following requirements :\n\ngracelessness carbonate , meq / kg non more than 3.6\n\n hang up solids , mg / kg Not more than 50\n\n meat of pH 6,5-8,5\ n\n oxygen . Preferably utilise in the manufacture of concentrated nitric acid employ the method of lead synthesis . In some cases, used in the preparation of enrichment ABC come down nitric acid.\n\n redeem Condition Technologies production of dilute nitric acid.\n\nNitric acid and mainly its natural salt - sodium nitrate are known since past times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber described a method of preparing strong vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with potash alum . In Russia, the prime(prenominal) recipe for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were made MV Lomonosov.\n\nPrior to the fountain of the XX deoxycytidine monophosphate natural nitrate was the only source of nitric acid. This process is based on the following reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4'